ncert-class 6 इतिहास अध्याय-5 : क्या बताते है हमें किताबे व् कब्रे

अध्याय-5 : क्या बताते है हमें किताबे व् कब्रे 

आप क्या सीखेंगे:

* वेद में क्या है

* वैदिक युग के लोग

* इनामगांव के महापाषाण

* वेद

* सबसे पहले वेद की रचना आज से लगभग 3500 वर्ष पहले हुई थी। आपको शायद पता होगा कि चार वेदों के नाम हैं ऋग्वेद, सामवेद, यजुर्वेद और अथर्ववेद। इनमें से सबसे पहले ऋग्वेद की रचना हुई थी।

* ऋग्वेद में 1000 से अधिक प्रार्थनाएँ हैं जिन्हें सूक्त कहा जाता है। सूक्त का मतलब होता है ‘अच्छी तरह से बोला गया’।

* ऋग्वेद में तीन मुख्य देवताओं का वर्णन है। आग के देवता अग्नि हैं, वर्षा के देवता इंद्र हैं और सोम एक पौधा है। इस पौधे से एक विशेष प्रकार का पेय बनाया जाता था।

* ऋग्वेद की प्रार्थनाएँ लोगों के लिए वर्षा और आग के महत्व को दर्शाती हैं। हम जानते हैं कि अच्छी फसल के लिए वर्षा जरूरी है। प्रचुर मात्रा में पीने के पानी के लिए भी वर्षा जरूरी है। आग का इस्तेमाल हम भोजन पकाने और अन्य कई कामों के लिए करते हैं।

* इन प्रार्थनाओं की रचना ऋषियों द्वारा की गई थी, जो अत्यंत विद्वान पुरुष होते थे। कुछ महिलाओं ने भी ऐसी प्रार्थनाओं की रचना की है। ऋग्वेद में प्राक-संस्कृत या वैदिक संस्कृत का प्रयोग हुआ है। यह आज की संस्कृत से कुछ कुछ अलग है।

भाषाओं के कुछ मुख्य परिवार

* इंडो–यूरोपियन परिवार: इस परिवार की भाषाएँ हैं जर्मन, फ्रेंच, इंगलिश, स्पैनिश, ग्रीक, संस्कृत, हिंदी, बंग्ला, असमिया, गुजराती, सिंधी, पंजाबी, आदि।

* तिब्बतो–बर्मन परिवार: इस परिवार की भाषाएँ भारत के पूर्वोत्तर भाग में बोली जाती हैं।

* द्रविड़ियन परिवार: इस परिवार की भाषाएँ हैं तमिल, तेलुगू, कन्नड़ और मलयालम।

* ऑस्ट्रो–एशियेटिक परिवार: इस परिवार की भाषाएँ झारखंड में और मध्य भारत के कुछ हिस्सों में बोली जाती हैं।

इतिहासकार और ऋग्वेद

* ऋग्वेद से कई महत्वपूर्ण जानकारियाँ मिलती हैं। NCERT की किताब के इस अध्याय में ऋग्वेद से कुछ सूक्तों को लिया गया है, जो कि विश्वमित्र और नदियों के बीच हुई बातचीत के बारे में है। इस बातचीत का सरल अनुवाद नीचे दिया गया है:

* ऋषि विश्वमित्र ने नदी की तुलना गाय और घोड़े से की है। वह नदी पार करना चाहते हैं। इसलिए वह नदी से प्रार्थना कर रहे हैं ताकि सुरक्षित पार कर जाएँ।

इससे ये बाते पता चलती हैं:

* उस जमाने में लोग जहाँ रहते थे वहाँ नदी मौजूद थी।

* घोड़े और गायें लोगों के लिए महत्वपूर्ण जानवर थे।

* यातायात के लिए रथों का प्रयोग होता था।

* नदी को पार करने का शायद एक ही तरीका था, चलकर। ऐसा करने में जान को खतरा था।

* ऋग्वेद में सिंधु और इसकी सहायक नदियों का जिक्र है। सरस्वती नदी के बारे में भी ऋग्वेद में लिखा गया है। लेकिन गंगा और यमुना का नाम ऋग्वेद में केवल एक ही बार आया है। इन जानकारियों के आधार पर हम कुछ निष्कर्ष निकाल सकते हैं। जब ऋग्वेद की रचना हुई थी तब अधिकतर लोग सिंधु और उसकी सहायक नदियों के पास रहते थे। लेकिन लोगों को गंगा और यमुना के बारे में भी मालूम था।

प्रश्न 1. सही या गलत बताओ

(क) अश्वमेध के घोड़े को अपने राज्य से गुज़रने की छूट देने वाले राजाओं को यज्ञ में आमंत्रित किया जाता था।

(ख) राजा के ऊपर सारथी पवित्र जल का छिड़काव करता था।

(ग) पुरातत्वविदों को जनपदों की बस्तियों में महल मिले हैं।

(घ) चित्रित-धूसर पात्रों में अनाज रखा जाता था।

(ङ) महाजनपदों में बहुत से नगर क़िलाबंद थे।

उत्तर- (क) सही,

प्रश्न 2. समाज में वे कौन-से समूह थे, जो गणों की सभाओं में हिस्सा नहीं ले सकते थे ?

उत्तर- स्त्रियां, दास तथा कुंभकार गणों की सभाओं में हिस्सा नहीं ले सकते थे।

प्रश्न 3. महाजनपद के राजाओं ने किले क्यों बनवाए ?

उत्तर- अधिकतर महाजनपदों की एक ही राजधानी होती थी। कई राजधानियों की किलेबंदी की. होती थी। इन महाजनपदों के शासकों ने अन्य राजाओं के आक्रमणों से डरकर अपनी सुरक्षा के लिए इस किलों का निर्माण किया। कुछ राजा अपनी राजधानी के चारों ओर विशाल, ऊंची और प्रभावशाली दीवार खड़ी करके अपनी समृद्धि और शक्ति का प्रदर्शन भी करते थे। इस तरह से किले के अंदर रहने वाले लोगों और उस क्षेत्र पर नियंत्रण रखना भी आसान हो जाता था।

प्रश्न 4. आज के शासकों के चुनाव की प्रक्रिया जनपदों के चुनाव से किस तरह भिन्न थी ? .

उत्तर- महाजनपदों में शासकों का चुनाव यज्ञ करके किया जाता था। अश्वमेध यज्ञ इसी प्रकार का एक विशेष अनुष्ठान होता था। महायज्ञों को करने वाले राजा अब जन के राजा न होकर जनपदों के राजा कहलाते थे। जबकि वर्तमान समय में अधिकतर देशों में राजा का चुनाव वयस्क मताधिकार प्रणाली के द्वारा एक निश्चित अवधि के लिए किया जाता है। एक अवधि पूर्ण होने के बाद दोबारा से चुनाव होते हैं और उसी शासक को दोबारा से चुन लिया जा सकता है या फिर नए शासकों का चुनाव कर लिया जाता है।

अति लघूत्तरात्मक प्रश्न

प्रश्न 1. हमारे देश में शासकों का चुनाव कैसे होता है?

उत्तर – मतदान के द्वारा।

प्रश्न 2. राजा के रूप में प्रतिष्ठित होने के लिए कौन-से यज्ञ का आयोजन किया.जाता था?

उत्तर – अश्वमेध यज्ञ का।।

प्रश्न 3. प्राचीन गणराज्यों के काल में किस वर्ग के लोगों को धार्मिक अनुष्ठानों में भाग लेने का अधिकार नहीं होता था?

उत्तर – शूद्र वर्ग के लोगों को।

प्रश्न 4. उत्तर वैदिक ग्रंथ किसे कहते हैं?

उत्तर – जिन ग्रंथों की रचना ऋग्वेद के बाद में हुई हो, उन्हें उत्तर वैदिक ग्रंथ कहते हैं।

प्रश्न 5. उत्तर वैदिक ग्रंथ कौन-कौन से हैं?

उत्तर – सामवेद, यजुर्वेद, अथर्ववेद और अन्य समकालीन ग्रंथ।

प्रश्न 6. वर्ण किसे कहते हैं?

उत्तर – वैदिक काल में पुरोहितों ने लोगों को चार वर्गों में विभाजित किया हुआ था, जिन्हें वर्ण कहते हैं।

प्रश्न 7. शूद्रों के अतिरिक्त किसे वेद पढ़ने का अधिकार नहीं था?

उत्तर – महिलाओं को।

प्रश्न 8. जनपद का क्या अर्थ है?

उत्तर – जनपद का शाब्दिक अर्थ है, जन में बसने की जगह। वैदिक काल में जनपद बड़े राज्यों के लिए प्रयोग किया जाता था।

प्रश्न 9. कौशांबी किला किस राज्य में स्थित है?

उत्तर – उत्तर प्रदेश में।

प्रश्न 10. महाजनपदों में उपज का कितना भाग कर के रूप में लिया जाता था?

उत्तर – 1/6 भाग।

प्रश्न 11. दीघ निकाय किस धर्म का ग्रंथ है?

उत्तर – बौद्ध धर्म का।

प्रश्न 12. दीघ निकाय ग्रंथ की रचना कब हुई?

उत्तर – लगभग 2300 साल पहले।

प्रश्न 13. सिकंदर कहाँ का राजा था?

उत्तर – मेसिडोनिया का।

प्रश्न 14. सिकंदर ने भारत पर कब आक्रमण किया?

उत्तर – लगभग 2300 साल पहले।

प्रश्न 15. मगध के दो शक्तिशाली शासकों के नाम लिखो।

उत्तर – अजातशत्रु और बिंबिसार।

वस्तुनिष्ठ प्रश्न :

प्रश्न 1. आज से 3,000 साल पहले लोग किस प्रक्रिया द्वारा राजा चुनते थे ?

(A) मत डालकर

(B) लाटरी प्रणाली द्वारा –

(C) बड़े-बड़े यज्ञ करके

(D) युद्ध करके

उत्तर – बड़े-बड़े यज्ञ करके

प्रश्न 2. राजा बनने के लिए सबसे बड़ा यज्ञ होता था

(A) अश्वमेध यज्ञ

(B) राज यज्ञ

(C) महायज्ञ

(D) धर्म यज्ञ

उत्तर – अश्वमेध यज्ञ

प्रश्न 3. अश्वमेध यज्ञ में किस जानवर को राजा के लोगों की देख-रेख में स्वतंत्र विचरण के लिए छोड़ दिया जाता था ?

(A) हाथी

(B) गाय

(C) ऊंट

(D) घोड़ा

उत्तर – घोड़ा

प्रश्न 4. अश्वमेध यज्ञ करने वाले राजा को माना जाता था

(A) दयालु

(B) शक्तिशाली –

(C) निर्दयी

(D) अहंकारी

उत्तर – शक्तिशाली –

प्रश्न 5. राजा के ऊपर पवित्र जल का छिड़काव करता था

(A) सारथी

(B) पुरोहित

(C) रानी

(D) महामंत्री

उत्तर – पुरोहित

प्रश्न 6. ऋग्वेद के बाद रचे गए ग्रंथों को कहते हैं

(A) उत्तर वैदिक ग्रंथ

(B) पूर्व वैदिक ग्रंथ |

(C) साम्य ग्रंथ

(D) इनमें से कोई नहीं

उत्तर – उत्तर वैदिक ग्रंथ

प्रश्न 7. वैदिक काल में पुरोहितों ने समाज को कितने वर्षों में बांटा था ?

(A) तीन

(B) चार

(C) पांच .

(D) छः

उत्तर – चार

प्रश्न 8. वैदिक काल में किसको शूद्रों के समान माना जाता था ?

(A) किसानों को

(B) सैनिकों को

(C) औरतों को

(D) उपरोक्त सभी को .

उत्तर – औरतों को

प्रश्न 9. शूद्रों के साथ-साथ और किस वर्ग को वेदों का अध्ययन करने का अधिकार नहीं था ?

(A) किसान

(B) औरतों

(C) सैनिक

(D) उपरोक्त सभी

उत्तर – औरतों

प्रश्न 10. वैदिक काल में पुरोहितों के अनुसार वर्णों का निर्धारण किस आधार पर होता था ?

(A) काम के आधार पर

(B) जाति के आधार पर

(C) आर्थिक स्थिति के आधार पर ।

(D) जन्म के आधार पर

उत्तर – जन्म के आधार पर

प्रश्न 11. चित्रित-धूसर पात्रों का प्रयोग किया जाता था

(A) अन्न भंडारण के लिए

(B) पूजा करने के लिए

(C) खास मौकों पर महत्त्वपूर्ण लोगों को भोजन

(D) सजावट के लिए परोसने के लिए .

उत्तर – खास मौकों पर महत्त्वपूर्ण लोगों को भोजन

प्रश्न 12. वैदिक काल में महायज्ञ करने वाला राजा बनता था ?

(A) जन का राजा

(B) जनपद का राजा

(C) प्रांत का राजा

(D) रियासत का राजा ..

उत्तर – जनपद का राजा

प्रश्न 13. कौशांबी किला किस राज्य में स्थित है ?

(A) उत्तर प्रदेश

(B) बिहार

(C) झारखंड

(D) मध्य प्रदेश _

उत्तर – उत्तर प्रदेश

प्रश्न 14. कौशांबी किले का निर्माण हुआ था

(A) 1,500 साल पहले

(B) 2,000 साल पहले

(C) 2,500 साल पहले

(D) 3,000 साल पहले ‘

उत्तर – 2,500 साल पहले

प्रश्न 15. लगभग 2,500 साल पहले कुछ महत्त्वपूर्ण जनपदों को कहते थे

(A) प्रांत

(B) सूबा

(C) रियासत

(D) महाजनपद

उत्तर – महाजनपद

प्रश्न 16. निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सा महत्त्वपूर्ण महाजनपद था ?

(A) मगध

(B) वैशाली

(C) कौशांबी

(D) उपरोक्त सभी

उत्तर – उपरोक्त सभी

प्रश्न 18. कौन-सी नदी मगध महाजनपद से होकर बहती थी ?

(A) गंगा

(B) चंबल

(C) गोदावरी

(D) महानदी

उत्तर – गंगा

प्रश्न 19. बिंबिसार और अजातशत्रु किस महाजनपद के शासक थे ?

(A) वैशाली

(B) कौशांबी

(C) हस्तिनापुर

(D) मगध

उत्तर – मगध

प्रश्न 20. आरंभ में मगध की राजधानी थी

(A) राजगृह

(B) पाटलिपुत्र

(C) कपिलवस्तु ।

(D): लुंबिनी

उत्तर – राजगृह

प्रश्न 21. राजगृह के बाद किस शहर को मगध की राजधानी बनाया गया ?

(A) नालंदा . . .

(B) पाटलिपुत्र

(C) तक्षशिला

(D) लुंबिनी

उत्तर – पाटलिपुत्र

प्रश्न 22. मगध की राजधानी पाटलिपुत्र को आज किस नाम से जाना जाता है ?

(A) नालंदा

(B) लुंबिनी .

(C) चंपारण

(D) पटना

उत्तर – पटना

प्रश्न 23. सिकंदर कहां का राजा था ? –

(A) मेसिडोनिया.

(B) अफ़गानिस्तान ……

(C) ईरान .

(D) सीरिया

उत्तर – मेसिडोनिया

प्रश्न 24. सिकंदर ने भारत पर कब आक्रमण किया ? –

(A) 2,000 साल पहले

(B) 2,300 साल पहले

(C) 2,500 साल पहले

(D) 2,700 साल पहले .

उत्तर – 2,300 साल पहले

प्रश्न 25. दीघ निकाय किस धर्म का प्रसिद्ध ग्रंथ है ?

(A) हिंदू

(B) बौद्ध …

(C) जैन

(D) फारसी.

उत्तर – बौद्ध

प्रश्न 26. वज्जि महाजनपद की राजधानी थी

(A) वैशाली

(B) पाटलिपुत्र

(C) राजगृह

(D) लुंबिनी

उत्तर – वैशाली

प्रश्न 27. एथेंस में 2,500 साल पहले किस शासन व्यवस्था की स्थापना हुई ?

(A). राजतंत्र

(B) तानाशाही :

(C) गणतंत्र या प्रजातंत्र

(D) नवीनतंत्र .

उत्तर – गणतंत्र या प्रजातंत्र

प्रश्न 28. गण या संघ राज्यों का पतन कब हुआ ?

(A) 3,000 साल पहले

(B) 2,500 साल पहले

(C) 2,000 साल पहले

(D) 1,500 साल पहले

उत्तर – 1,500 साल पहले  

Major Domains of the Earth Class 6 Notes Social Science Geography Chapter 5

* There are three main components of the environment – Lithosphere, Atmosphere and Hydrosphere.

* The solid portion of the Earth on which we live is called the Lithosphere.

* The gaseous layer that surrounds the Earth is the Atmosphere.

* The area covered by water is called Hydrosphere.

* The zone which contains all forms of life is called Biosphere.

Lithosphere

· It comprises the rocks of the earth’s crust and the thin layers of soil.

· There are two main divisions of the earth’s surface.

· The large landmasses are known as the continents.

· The huge water bodies are called the ocean basins.

Continents

· There are seven major continents.

· The greater part of the land mass lies in the Northern Hemisphere.

· Asia is the largest continent.

· The combined landmass of Europe and Asia is called Eurasia.

· Africa is the second largest continent. It is the only continent through which the Tropic of Cancer, the Equator and the Tropic of Capricorn pass.

· North America is the third largest continent of the world.

· South America and North America are linked by a very narrow strip of land called the Isthmus of Panama.

· Australia is the smallest continent. It is also called an island continent.

· Antarctica is permanently covered with thick ice sheets. ,

· India has a research station named as Maitri and Dakshin Gangotri at Antarctica. .

Hydrosphere

· More than 71 % per cent of the Earth is covered with water, therefore, the Earth is called the blue planet.

· More than 97% of the Earth’s water is found in the oceans.

Oceans

· The four major oceans are the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean and the Arctic Ocean.

· The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean.

· The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest ocean.

· The Indian Ocean is the only ocean named after a country, that is, India.

· The Arctic Ocean is located within the Arctic Circle.

Atmosphere

· The atmosphere protects us from the harmful effects of the sun’s rays.

· The atmosphere extends up to a height of about 1,600 kilometres.

· The atmosphere is divided into five layers—the troposphere, the stratosphere, the mesosphere, the thermosphere and the exosphere.

· The atmosphere is composed mainly of nitrogen and oxygen.

Biosphere – The Domain of Life

· The biosphere is the narrow zone of contact between the land, water and air.

· All the living organisms including humans are linked to each other and to the biosphere for survival.

· The organisms in the biosphere may broadly be divided into the plant kingdom and the animal kingdom.

· Increase in the amount of Carbon-dioxide leads to an increase in global temperature. This is termed as global warming.

* The earth is the only planet where human beings find three life sustaining elements—
land, water and air.

* The surface of the earth is a complex zone. Here three main components of the environment—lithosphere, atmosphere and hydrosphere meet, overlap and interact.

* The lithosphere refers to the solid portion of the earth where we live.

* The atmosphere refers to the gaseous layers which surrounding the earth.

* The hydrosphere refers to the water bodies that exist on the earth’s surface.

* The biosphere is the narrow zone where we find land, water and air together. Life exists here.

* The earth’s surface is divided into continents and ocean basins.

* Continents are large landmasses of the earth while ocean basins are huge water bodies.

* Mount Everest is the highest mountain peak. Its height is 8,848 metres above the sea level.

* The greatest depth of 11,022 metres is recorded at Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean.

* There are seven continents—Asia, Europe, Africa, North America, South America, Australia and Antarctica.

* Asia is the largest continent while Australia is the smallest continent.

* Antarctica is permanently covered with thick ice sheets. Hence, it is not suitable for human settlement.

* More than 71% of the earth is covered with water and 29% is with land.

* More than 97% of the earth’s water is found in the oceans. Ocean water is salty. It is of no human use. A large proportion of the rest of the water is in the form of ice sheets and glaciers or under the ground. Only 0.03% of water is available as fresh water which is usable by human beings.

* There are four major oceans—the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean and the Arctic Ocean in order of their size.

* The Indian Ocean is the only ocean named after a country, i.e. India.

* The atmosphere is divided into five layers. These layer starting from earth’s surface are—the troposphere, the stratosphere, the mesosphere, the thermosphere and the exosphere.

* The atmosphere is composed of several gases—Nitrogen (78%), Oxygen (21%), other gases like carbondioxide, argon and others comprise 1%.

* Oxygen is essential for our life. We can not live without it. Nitrogen is essential for the growth of living organisms. Carbon dioxide absorbs heat radiated by the earth and in this way it keeps the earth warm. It is also essential for plants.

* The biosphere is the zone where life exists. From tiny microbes and bacteria to huge mammals are found in the biosphere. There is a close link between all these organisms including humans.

* The organisms in the biosphere are divided into plant kingdom and the animal kingdom.

* The three domains of the earth interact with each other and affect each other. For example emission from industries pollute the air.

* Increase in the amount of carbon-dioxide leads to an increase in global temperatures which is known as global warming.

* Lithosphere: The solid portion of the earth on which we live is termed as the lithosphere.

* Atmosphere: The gaseous layers that surround the earth is known as the atmosphere.

* Hydrosphere: The water bodies on the earth’s surface is known as hydrosphere.

* Biosphere: It is the narrow zone where land, water and air together are found. All forms of life exists here.

* Continents: The large landmasses are called continents.

* Ocean basins: The huge water bodies are called the ocean basins.

* Strait: It is a narrow passage of water connecting two large water bodies like seas and oceans.

* Isthmus: It is a narrow strip of land joining two landmasses.

* Plant Kingdom: The part of biosphere consisting of plants and trees.

* Animal Kingdom: The part of biosphere consisting of an animal.

* Global warming: Increase in the amount of carbon dioxide leads to an increase in the global temperatures. This is known as global warming.

source:vedantu

What Books and Burials Tell Us Class 6 Notes Social Science History Chapter 5

Burial Spots of Families:

Some burial chambers have more than one skeleton, probably meaning that one chamber was used for many members of the same family. A hole in the wall allowed the chamber to be used over and over again. The burial sites were marked by stones.

Battles: Rig Veda tells us about battles fought for land and cattle. People met in assemblies and discussed war and peace. Wealth obtained thereafter was distributed amongst the leaders, priests and people.

Vedas: Initially, the Rigveda was not in written form, but was passed on orally. Knowledge passed on in this way is known as ‘Shruti’. The Vedic teachers took great care to teach students to pronounce words and memorise hymns correctly.

Sanskrit and Other Languages: Scholars have discovered many similarities between Sanskrit and European languages such as Latin, English and German. Historians came to the conclusion that Sanskrit belongs to the Indo-European group of languages. Other languages like Hindi, Kashmiri, Sindhi, etc. also belong to the same group.

Skeleton Studies: Study of the bone structure helps to differentiate between male and female skeletons. The hip or the pelvic area of a woman is generally larger than a man.

Special Burial at Inamgaon: We find burials dated back to 3600 and 2700 years ago. Adults were generally buried in the ground. Special mention may be made of a man who was found buried in a large, four-legged clay jar in the courtyard of a five-roomed house.

Writing Evidence: First evidence of writing in China was found 3500 years ago. These writings were on animal bones and were called oracle bones. However, the Chinese did not know the use of iron.

Other languages: Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Malayalam belong to the Dravidian family and the languages spoken in Jharkhand and parts of Central India belong to the Austro-Asiatic family.

Megaliths: These literally mean big stones, which were used by early men to spot burial sites.

There are four Vedas:

· Rigveda

· Samaveda

· Yajurveda

· Atharvaveda.

The oldest one is the Rigveda (3500 years ago). It contains over a thousand hymns (“Suktas”). The Vedas are religious texts of Hinduism. The hymns were composed by rishis and students memorised them. The Rigveda has been written in old (Vedic) Sanskrit.

The Vedas were written down much later. Students learnt the hymns and passed it on to other generations by memorising and not writing.

The Manuscript of rigveda
Rigveda contains prayers for cattle, children and horsesf Wealth was distributed among the leaders, priests and other people, according to the Rigveda. ‘Yajnas’ were performed. Most men took part in wars.

The Rigveda divides people in two groups on the basis of their work : the ‘brahmins’ and the ‘rajas’. People or the community as a whole have been referred to as ‘jana’ or ‘vish’. The composers of hymns called themselves ‘Aryas’, and their opponents ‘Dasas’/ ‘Dasyus’.

Stone boulders as the one in figure are called Megaliths.

Megalith

They were used to mark burial sites. This practice was used in the Deccan and Kashmir. Some megaliths are on the surface and some are underground.

The dead were buried with distinctive pots, which are called Black and Red Ware.

People were buried along with several objects. The objects were chosen probably depended upon the status of the person dead.

Families were usually buried together.

In Inamgaon, people were buried with their head towards the north. Vessels containing food and water were placed with them.

Aryas: The people who composed the hymns used the word ‘Aryas’ for themselves.

Black and Red-Ware: The two distinctive pots, with which the dead were buried, have been called the Black and the Red Ware.

Brahmins: The priests were referred to as the ‘Brahmins’. They performed various rituals.

Dasyus/Dasas: The opponents of the ‘Aryas’ were referred to as ‘Dasas’/’Dasyus’ by them. This world later meant ‘slave’.

Megalith: A stone boulder, used to mark burial site, is referred to as a megalith.

Sukta: The hymns of the Vedas were called ‘Suktas’, which translates into ‘well-said’.

About 3600 years ago – beginning of the settlement of Inamgaon.

About 3500 years ago (i.e. circa 1500 B.C.) – beginning of composition of the oldest of the Vedas, the Rigveda.

About 3000 years ago (i.e. circa 1,000 B.C.) – beginning of the building of megaliths.

Around 2700 years ago (i.e. circa 700 B.C.) – end of settlement at Inamgaon.

Around 2000 years ago – Charaka wrote ‘Charaka Samhita’.

Less than 200 years ago (in the 19th century A.D.) – printing of the Rigveda for the first time.

source: learncbse

Motions of the Earth Class 6 Notes Social Science Geography Chapter 3

Rotation

*  Rotation is the movement of the Earth, on its axis.

* The axis of the Earth, which is an imaginary line, makes an angle of 66/2° with its orbital plane.

* The portion facing the Sun experiences day, while the other half away from the Sun experiences night.

* The circle that divides the day from night on the globe is called the circle of illumination.

* The Earth takes about 24 hrs to complete one rotation around its axis, it is known as earthday.

Revolution

* The movement of the Earth around the Sun in a fixed path or orbit is called revolution.

* Earth takes 365)4 days to revolve around the Sun. Every fourth year, February is of 29 days instead of 28 days. Such a year with 366 days is called a leap year.

* Earth is going around the Sun in an elliptical-orbit.

* Seasons change due to change in the position of the Earth around the Sun.

* Summer solstice is the position of the Earth when the Northern Hemisphere has the longest day and the shortest night. It
occurs on 21st June.

* In the Southern Hemisphere, it is winter season at this time. The days are short and the nights are long.

* Winter Solstice is the position of the earth when Southern Hemisphere has long days and shorter nights. In the Northern
Hemisphere, the days are short and the nights are long. It occurs on 22nd December.

* On 21st March and September 23rd, direct rays of the sun fall on the equator and the whole earth experiences equal days and equal nights. This is called an equinox.

* The earth has two types of motions—rotation and revolution.

* Rotation is the movement of the earth on its axis. In revolution the earth moves around the sun in a fixed path or orbit.

* The axis of the earth is an imaginary line.

* The earth receives light from the sun. As the shape of the earth is spherical, only half of it gets light from the sun at a time. The other half remains dark. In this way day and night are caused.

* The earth completes one rotation around its axis in about 24 hours. This rotation is the daily motion of the earth.

* The earth takes 365, 14 days or one year to complete one revolution around the sun.

* There are four seasons in a year—summer, winter, spring and autumn. Seasons change due to the change in the position of the earth around the sun.

* The rays of sun fall directly on the Tropic of Cancer. Hence, these areas are hot.

* The areas near the poles receive less heat as the rays of the sun are slanting.

* In the Northern Hemisphere the longest day and the shortest night occur on 21st June. In the Southern Hemisphere the shortest day and the longest night occur on this day. This position of the earth is known as the summer solstice.

* When there is summer in the Northern Hemisphere, Southern Hemisphere enjoys winter season and vice-versa.

* In the Northern Hemisphere the shortest day and the longest night occur on 22nd December. In the Southern Hemisphere the longest day and the shortest night occur on this day. This position of the earth is known as the winter solstice.

* On 21st March and September 23rd the whole earth experiences equal’days and equal nights. This is phenomenon is known as equinox.

* On 23rd September, it is autumn in the Northern Hemisphere and spring in the Sourthern Hemisphere.

* On 21st March, it is spring in the Northern Hemisphere and autumn in the Sourthern Hemisphere.

* Days and nights occur due to rotation while changes in seasons occur due to revolution.

* Rotation: The movement of the earth on its axis is known as rotation.

* Revolution: The movement of the earth around the sun in a fixed path or orbit is known as revolution.

* Orbital plane: The plane formed by the orbit is known as the orbital plane.

* Circle of illumination: The circle that divides the day from night on the globe is called the circle of illumination.

* Leap year: The year in which February is of 29 days instead of 28 days is called a leap year.

* Summer solstice: In the Northern Hemisphere the longest day and the shortest night occur on 21st June. In the Southern Hemisphere, the shortest day and the longest night occur on this day. This position of the earth is called summer solstice.

* Winter solstice: In the Northern Hemisphere the shortest day and the longest night occur on 22nd December. In the Southern Hemisphere, the longest day and the shortest night occur on this day. This position of the earth is called winter solstice.

* Equinox: On 21st March and September 23rd the entire earth experiences equal days and equal nights. This is known as the equinox.

CBSE Class 6 Geography Chapter 4 Notes - Maps

What is The Difference Between a Map and an Atlas?

There is a very significant detail that distinguishes the maps and the atlases. Here we are going to talk about that now.

A map can be defined as a proper representation of the surface of the earth or just a part of it. The map can be in the form of a drawing which is done on an even and flat surface. The map is drawn keeping in mind the scale of the representation.

However, the Atlas is a collection of maps that are put together in order to form a collective group. When it comes to Atlases, there are many different sizes. Another one of the important things to keep in mind about the Atlases is that the measurements which are drawn in the maps are done on many different types of scales.

Different Types of Maps

For the students to know more about the maps, it is important to know that there are many different types of maps. Here in the Class 6 Geography Chapter 4 notes, we are going to tell you more about the different types of Maps.

Physical Maps

The Physical maps can be defined as the maps which are drawn to show the different natural features which are present on the surface of the earth. These natural features include the mountains, rivers, plains, oceans, plateaus, and so on. These maps are also known as relief maps.

Political Maps

Political Maps are the ones which are drawn in order to show the different villages, towns, and cities in the area. Also, there are different states and countries of the world which are shown in the political maps.

Political Maps

Political Maps are the ones which are drawn in order to show the different villages, towns, and cities in the area. Also, there are different states and countries of the world which are shown in the political maps.

Thematic Maps

When it comes to the Thematic Maps, it can be said that these are the maps which are meant to put primary focus on some specific details and information. Some of the examples of the Thematic maps are the rainfall maps, the forest maps, the maps which exhibit the roads and industries.

The Different Components of Maps

It is important for the students to know the three different components which are required to draw a proper and correct map of any area. These components are known as Direction, Distance, and Symbol. Here we are going to explain all the different components so that one can have an idea.

Direction

We have 4 major directions known as East, West, North, and South. These are the cardinal points. Some of the other directions are the intermediate ones and are named as North East, South East, North West, And South West. In order to find out the particular direction of any place, people will need a compass. The compass is basically an instrument which can be used to find out the direction. The magnetic needle in the compass is always static towards the north and the south direction.

Distance

The distance is the scale and it is defined as the ratio between the distance which is shown on the map and the actual distance which is in the ground. The scale is one of the most important parts of drawing the map. If you don’t know the scale of the map, you will not really be able to calculate the distance which is between any two locations which are presented on the map. When the map contains larger areas such as countries and continents, then it is done with the help of a smaller scale and hence it is known as a small scale map. However, when the map has an area such as any village, then there is a use of the larger scale and hence it is known as the large scale map.

Symbols

These are also very important to draw the map. You will not be able to draw the map with its actual size and shape when it comes to different features including the roads and the buildings. So, these features can be easily presented using different symbols such as shades, letters, lines, colours, and pictures. With the help of symbols, people will be able to gather more information about the map.

1. What are the 4 Major Directions and What are the Minor Directions?

The 4 major directions are North, South, East and West. The minor directions are North-East, South-East, North-West, and South-West.

2. What are the Examples of Thematic Maps?

Several road maps, forest maps, rainfall maps and much more are the examples of thematic maps.

3. What are the Three Major Components of Map Creation?

The three major components of map creation are Direction, symbol, distance.

4. What is a sketch?

A sketch presents a representation derived merely from the mere. It is not as exact as it would be with the help of a scale. This is a rough representation to help the onlooker reach a certain place. For instance, if someone wants to visit their friend’s home but is unaware of the directions, they might access the rough draft of the direction that might be given to them by their friend. This will help them locate landmarks and reach their destination with ease.

5. What are the different types of Maps?

The different types of maps are:

Physical Maps - A map that presents the natural features of the earth is known as a physical map. For instance the demonstration of mountains, plateaus, oceans, rivers etc.

Political Maps - A map that presents the readers with the representation of cities, towns, villages, and different countries with their boundaries is termed as a political map.

Thematic Maps - Certain maps such as road maps and rainfall maps focus on specific descriptions and information. These maps are termed thematic maps.

6. Explain direction as an important component of the maps?

As we all know that maps are designed as the exact representation of the places that it demonstrates, and even the distance between these places is carefully measured so that when seen in the real situation, it presents the true distance. To achieve this on a small-sized paper, a Scale is used, which is the ratio between the actual distance on the ground and the distance shown on the map. Therefore, the scales play a very important role in figuring out the distance between any two places on a map.

7. What are cardinal points and intermediate directions?

Cardinal points refers to the four major directions known to us, that is, north, south, east and west. But apart from these four known directions, there also are four intermediate directions and they help in the locating of any particular place with much more accuracy which are North-east (NE), South-east (SE), South-west (SW) and North-west (NW).

Globe Latitudes and Longitudes Class 6 Notes Geography Chapter 2

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5. Chapter 3 in The Earliest Cities

* Globe is a true model of the Earth.

* A needle is fixed through the globe in a tilted manner, which is called its axis.

* The imaginary line running on the globe divides it into equal parts. This line is known as the Equator.

* All parallel circles from the Equator up to the poles are called parallels of latitude. Latitude is measured in degrees.

* As we move away from the Equator, the size of the parallels of latitude decreases.

* The four important parallels of latitude are :

· Tropic of Cancer (2312°N)

· Tropic of Capricorn (23122°S)

· Arctic of Circle (6612°N)

· Antarctic Circle (6612°S)

* Heat Zones of the Earth

· Torrid zone receives the maximum heat.

· The temperate zone has a moderate temperature.

· The frigid zone has a cold climate as the sun rays are always slanting.

Longitudes

· The line of reference running from the North Pole to the South Pole is called Meridians of Longitude.

· The distance between them is measured in ‘degrees of longitude’.

· All meridians are of equal length.

· The meridian which passes through Greenwich, where the British Royal Observatory is located, is called the Prime Meridian.

· The value of Prime Meridian is 0° longitude and from it, we count 180° Eastward as well as 180° Westward.

· Prime Meridian divides the earth into two equal halves, the Eastern Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere.

· 180° East and 180° West meridians are on the same line.

· We can locate any point on the globe if we know its latitude and longitude.

Longitude and Time

· As the earth rotates from West to East, those places East of Greenwich will be ahead of Greenwich time and those to the West will be behind it.

· The earth rotates 360° in about 24 hours.

· At any place, a watch can be adjusted to read at 12 o’clock when the Sun is at the highest point in the sky.

Standard Time

· The local time various places are different, so it is necessary to adopt the local time of some central meridian of a country as the Standard Time.

· 8212°E is treated as the Standard Meridian of India. The local time at this meridian is known as the Indian Standard Time (IST).

· India located East of Greenwich at 82° 30’E, is 5 hours and 30 minutes ahead of GMT.

· Some countries have a great longitudinal extent and so they have adopted more than one standard time.

* The Globe is a true model of the earth, in a small form. A needle, called the Axis is fixed through the globe in a tilted manner.

* The axis of the globe passes through two extreme points: known as the Poles (the North Pole and the South Pole). This axis is shown in the form of a needle on the globe. The real earth has no such axis.

* The circle passing through the centre of the earth, and perpendicular to the axis, is called the Equator. It divides the earth into two Hemispheres, the Northern and the Southern. We can imagine a number of more circles parallel to the equator, having their centres on the axis and having different radii. These circles are called Parallels of Latitudes.

* The parallels are identified with the help of degrees. The equator represents the zero degrees latitude. The latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere are designated as degrees north (°N), e.g. 10°N, 20°N, and so on till 90°N (which is the North Pole). Similarly the latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere are designated as degrees south (°S), and 90°S is the South Pole.

* The circle passing through Greenwich in Britain, and perpendicular to the equator, and parallel to the axis, is called the Prime Meridian. It divides the earth into two Hemispheres, the Eastern and the Western. Together, the Equator and the Prime Meridian divide the earth into four equal parts. We can imagine a number of more circles parallel to the Prime Meridian, having their centre at the centre of the earth, and having equal radii. These circles are called Degrees of Longitudes. 

* The longitudes are identified with the help of degrees. The Prime Meridian represents the zero degrees longitude. The longitudes in the Eastern Hemisphere are designated as degrees east (°E), e.g. 10°E, 20°E, and so on till 180°. Similar is the case with the Western Hemisphere.

* Degrees are further divided into minutes and minutes into seconds. Note that the symbol for a minute is an apostrophe (‘) and that for a second is a double apostrophe (“). 60′ (60 minutes) make up a degree and 60″ (60 seconds) make up a minute. So 30’ means half a degree and 40” means two-thirds of a minute.

* Two points on earth can lie on the same latitude but still be far away from each other. Also, two distant points may lie on the same longitude. But only one point lief on a particular pair of latitude and longitude. So latitudes and longitudes are helpful in locating a point on earth.


* The Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle are studied as special latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere. They are at 23 1/2° N and 6612° N respectively.

* The Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle are studied as special latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere. They are at 23 12° S and 66 12° S respectively.

* The area between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn receive maximum heat from the Sun and this region is called the Torrid Zone.

* The area between the Artie Circle and the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere, and that between the Antarctic Circle and the Tropic of Capricorn in the Southern, have moderate temperatures. These regions are the Temperate Zones.

* The area north to the Arctic Circle and that south to the Antarctic Circle is close to the Poles and receive the sunlight of very low intensity. So it is very cold here. These regions are called the Frigid Zones.


* The Frigid Zones, the Temperate Zones, and the Torrid Zone are called the Heat Zones.

* The sun does not shine equally on all longitudes at a time. When it is 12 noon at a time, it means that the sun is not at all visible at the place on the other side of the earth. ‘So it must be midnight there. In fact, we can say that the time difference is 24 hours at 360 degrees longitudes apart. So every longitude brings a difference of 4 minutes. This gives us the concept of Time Zones. Two consecutive time zones differ by an hour. The time at a particular place is said to be the local time.

* It may happen that a certain country extends over a long range of longitudes, thus giving a large amount of time difference. E.g. Russia extends over eleven time zones. India actually extends over a range of a 2-hour time difference. But this is not too much, so for convenience and for uniformity, we have a standard meridian set at Allahabad (82° 30’), which gives the time for all over India. This time is called the Indian Standard Time (IST).

* Globe: The globe is a model of the earth, as it is, but in a very small and convenient form. It shows all continents, countries, and oceans, labeled.

* Axis: The imaginary line about which the earth rotates once in 24 hours is called its axis.

* Poles: The two extreme points of the axis are called the Poles. One of them is the North Pole and the other is the South Pole.

* Equator: The circle passing through the center of the earth, and perpendicular to the axis, is called the equator.

* Prime Meridian: The circle passing through Greenwich in Britain, and perpendicular to the equator, and parallel to the axis, is called the Prime Meridian.

* Latitude: One of the imaginary circles parallel to the Equator is called latitude. The latitudes have their centers on one common line and they have different radii.

* Longitude: One of the imaginary circles parallel to the Prime Meridian is called longitude. The longitudes have their centers at the center of the earth and have the same radius as the Earth.

* Hemisphere: One of the two equal halves of the earth’s spherical shape is called a hemisphere. If the earth is halved along the equator, we get the Northern and the Southern Hemispheres. If we halve it perpendicular to the equator, we get the Eastern and the Western Hemispheres.

* Heat Zones: Heat zones are the different zones of the earth, where the sun’s rays fall differently, thus causing different climate patterns. These zones are called the Torrid Zone, the two Temperate Zones, and the two Frigid Zones.

* Greenwich: Greenwich is a place in the United Kingdom, near London, whose time is used as a standard all over the world. The Prime Meridian passes through this place, and so it is the place which divides the earth into the Eastern and the Western Hemispheres.

* Standard Time: Standard time of a country or region is the time regarded as a standard for that place, despite the fact that there exists time difference geographically across that region. It is used only for convenience.

 Class 6 Social Studies Chapter 3 in The Earliest Cities

The Story of Harappa.

Harappa was a modern city located in what is now Pakistan. In 1856, the famous East India Company accidentally discovered Harappa while building a railway. At first, the workers thought it was the ruins of an ordinary broken city and began to use bricks for construction projects. About eighty years ago, the archaeologists realized that it was not one of the ordinary ruins and started to explore the remains.

Harappa- The Architectural Wonder

Harappa was special because of its unique urban planning and style of construction at that age. It was futuristic, to say the least. It was divided into 2 parts:

1. Citadel: Citadel was placed in the west of the city, which was smaller in size but higher than the lower town. 

2. Lower Town: Lower town was placed on the east and was larger in size than the citadel. 

Baked bricks were used to build houses. These bricks were strong and could last for more than a thousand years. 

They were placed in an interlocking pattern. This kind of strong building was constructed in the upper town known as the citadel. 

One of the famous baths named Great Bath was discovered by an archaeologist. This bath was located in the citadel.

Few other cities of the Harappan civilization were Lothal and Mohenjodaro.

Houses, Streets, and Drains 

• Most of the houses in the civilization had a separate bathroom, and the wells were used to produce water in these houses.

• Many of the cities had good drainage systems. The drains had a gentle slope which helped water to flow through them.

• All the houses, streets, and drains were constructed at the same time.

Life in Harappa

Harappa was a busy human settlement. The following components comprised the societal structure of the city:

• Rulers: Rulers were those who decided the construction of buildings. Rulers were the leaders of the place, and they sent people to faraway lands to get precious stones, metals, and other important things. 

• Scribes: Scribers were the ones who helped to prepare the seals. They knew writings, and they used to write on various materials that have survived till date. 

• Some women and men made various kinds of crafts. A lot of terracotta toys have been discovered from the Harappan cities, which indicate that the kids in the Harappan cities used to play with these toys.

New Crafts in the City

• The objects that were found from the remains of the cities were shells, gold, silver, and stones. 

• Bronze and copper were used in making weapons, tools, vessels, and ornaments.

• Silver and gold were used in making ornaments.

• The Harappan people made seals by using stones of rectangular shapes that had pictures of animals on them. 

• Pretty pots were made with black designs.

• Pieces of cloth were attached to silver vases and copper objects.

• Archaeologists have found spindle whorls that were made of faience and terracotta that were used for spinning threads.

Raw Materials

• Raw materials were produced and found naturally by the herders or farmers. Raw materials were used for producing finished goods. They were found locally. However, many items such as silver, gold, tinder, and copper were precious metals and were brought from far distant places. 

• They used to purchase copper from what is now called Rajasthan and also from Oman.

• Tin was mixed with other metals such as copper and then used for producing bronze. These metals were brought from present-day Iran and Afghanistan. 

• The Harappans used to bring gold from present-day- Karnataka and other precious stones from present-day Iran, Gujarat, and Afghanistan.

Food Habit of the People 

• People living in Harappa reared animals and grew crops. They grew crops like mustard, linseed, sesame, rice, peas, pulses, barley, and wheat. 

• The plough was used to dig the soil and plant seeds.

• Water was stored and then supplied to fields.

• Harappans reared sheep, cattle, buffalo, and goats. In the dry season, animals walked long distances to get water and food. 

• Harappan people also grew various fruits like berries and fishing as well as hunted for wild animals like antelopes.

A Closer Look at the Harappan Sites 

There were two main urban settlements in Harappa - Dholavira, and Lothal. 

Dholavira 

• The city of Dholavira was excavated in 1990 by RS Bisht and his team near the Rann of Kutch in Gujarat. It has been one of the largest urban settlements of the Harappan Civilisation as well as the Indus Valley Civilization.

• The city was divided into three divisions, among which two were protected by rectangular shape fortification. Various unique stones were used for constructing the buildings of the city. 

• Various pieces of evidence were found by the archaeologists that mentioned ten alphabets. Evidence of various agricultural activities such as irrigation, embankments, and dams was discovered. Dholavira also had warehouse settlements

Lothal 

• Lothal was discovered in 1957 by S.R. Rao. Indus valley is situated on the bank of the River Bhagava. Lothal is named after an ancient mound located in the town's money jurisdiction.

• Lothal is the only site that has an old brick dockyard. The dockyard is surrounded by brick walls to protect them from heavy floods. Lothal was the city where the first tidal port was found.

The Mystery behind the End of the Harappan Civilization

• About 3900 years ago, a major change was discovered, which brought a change in civilization. People were afraid in many cities.

• Writings, weights, and seals were not used anymore. Raw materials in the place started to finish, and they were not brought anymore.

• Garbage was found piled up on the street, impressive buildings were no longer built, the drainage system began to collapse, and the people of Harappa began to lead boring lives

The End of the Civilization.

• The cause for the breakdown of the Indus Valley Civilization is not yet known by anyone. Many scholars came up with different reasons for the breakdown.

• The first reason that can be a cause of the breakdown is climate change that includes a shift in the pattern of the climate as well as an agricultural disaster that perhaps resulted in an excessive change in the environment which caused overexploitation and population decrease. 

• Secondly, some scholars came up with the fact that other environmental changes such as tectonic events could also result in the breakdown by causing floods in the city hence killing all the people living there.

• The third can be human activities such as the invasion of Iran or tribal people from the hilly regions that could lead to its destruction.

• The fourth reason could be theory posits that could occur from an epidemic that led to devastation. It can be said that a certain disease entered the area and eventually killed all the Harappans in a dangerous form.

Important Questions and Answers 

1. How did the archaeologists find out that cloth was used by the people of the Harappan Civilization?

Ans: According to researchers and archaeologists, this cloth was used for the first time in Mehrgarh about 8,000 years ago. Real cloth pieces were seen on Lothal's silver bottle caps and copper products.Researchers have also found spindle whorls that were made of faience and terracotta. These materials were used in spinning threads. Garments dating back to the Indus Valley era are also decorated. For example, see a statue of a prominent leader of the Indus Valley civilization wearing clothing.

2. Why were things like the wheel, plough, metals, and writing important for the Harappans?

Ans: Wheel:  The Harappans made utilize of wheels within the cart. They, too, utilized a wheel for turning. The wheels were also utilized by the potters to deliver a shape to a pot.

Plough: People used the plough to prepare their land to farm. 

Metals: The Harappan people were very intelligent, and they made unique things. They used copper to make various tools. They also made ornaments of silver and gold. 

Scripture: This was an important part of the Harappan cities. Scribes were the people who could write. They helped to prepare the seals and most probably have written on materials that have been washed.

3. Write a short note on the Great Bath of the Indus Valley Civilization.

Ans: The Great bath has a rectangular structure, similar to a swimming pool. It was one of the best structures of the city, which had six entrances, including dressing rooms, a central bathing pool on all the sides, and also had an adjacent well. Some steps led to the bottom of the pool. The pool was filled with water from the adjacent wells that were attached to its sides. There was also an outlet present which was used to drain the water. The Great Bath was made of strong baked bricks and was watertight with natural tar. It was used by prominent people on special occasions.

4. Mention a few causes that are given by the scholars for the decline of the Harappan Civilization.

Ans: The following theories have been placed by the scholars for the decline of the Harappan Civilization:

• Few of them said that probably some sort of natural calamities could be the cause of its destruction that includes floods, earthquakes, or a serious kind of epidemic. 

• Invasion by foreign traders in the city can also lead to the decline of civilization. According to the archaeologists, the Aryan invasion could have caused a decline.

• Another important cause could be the change in the course of the river that could have led to an infertile land which caused a collapse in the economy as well as the society of the Harappan Civilization.

CLICK  : CLASS 6 CHAPTER 3 NOTES: THE EARLIEST CITIES IN HINDI

5. Give features to show that Harappan people enjoyed a high standard of living compared to those of Mesopotamia.

Ans: The people of Harappa indeed enjoyed living with high standards of civic amenities. One of its examples is the Great Bath of Mohenjo-Daro that was built with a lot of special features. Also, most of the houses in the Citadel part of the town were well constructed, with houses having their own balcony and bathrooms. Most of them were double-storey houses with a great drainage system attached to them. The masses enjoyed a huge amount of luxuries that are unknown to others.

SOURCE: VEDANTU